Into the Unknown
Problems like addition, multiplication, modular arithmetic, exponentiation can be solved in polynomial time, so they are seen as easy problem. Factoring a random number seems not hard, because 50% of the time, random number is even; 1/3 of the time, random number is divisible by 3. But the problem of factoring some special numbers can…
Number theory studies integers and operation on them. Basics of number theory have natural application, like addition, subtraction, etc. However advanced number theory topic has been praised as a branch of pure mathematics, mathematics for itself. This does not mean the number theory is useless. Things changed dramatically in computer era. … virtually every theorem…
The Introduction to Quantum ComputingSaint Petersburg State University This wonderful, challenging and inspiring course covers lots of topics. You will find that in the path of becoming a quantum computing expert, not only quantum mechanics is required, but also the knowledge of thermodynamics, computer science, optics and many more are needed. The course starts with…
Google SEO FundamentalsUniversity of California Davis I have been using WordPress for a while, blogging on this platform is really a joyful experience. However search engine optimization (SEO) is never as easy as installing a few “magic” plugins. Those excellent plugins can help you, only if you have obtained sufficient background knowledge of SEO. This…
Brute-force is apparently applicable to any problem of NP, since if you have some candidate for an answer, you can easily check / verify this candidate (but finding a candidate is still hard). For example: given a phone number to find its owner in the phone book, you can easily check it, but you need…
Nowadays, probably Peter Shor’s algorithm for function period finding is the most significant achievement in the field of quantum computing. It allows us to factor big composite numbers in polynomial time. However for the classical computations, this problem is believed to be hard. For a big number N = p × q, where p and…
Deductions are essentially the tax word for expense that can reduce the tax base. Deductions are disallowed unless a specific provision permits them. Deductibility depends on “legislative grace”. That is what Congress has decided to legislatively decree what is an allowable expense that can reduce the tax base. As a result, deductions are defined quite narrowly….
The first algorithm ever designed for a quantum computer, is the algorithm for solving Deutsch’s problem. The algorithm is an illustration for the mathematical model of quantum computing. Deutsch’s Problem Deutsch’s problem is about the function which maps one bit to another bit, i.e. f:{0,1} → {0,1}. There are only 4 types such functions: f(x)…
The mathematical model of quantum computing allows us to understand and design quantum algorithms without any background in quantum mechanics or physical implementation of quantum hardware. The most significant part of the whole theory of quantum computing is qubit, i.e. quantum bit, which is the minimum unit of quantum information. One qubit information can be…
Fundamentals of Macroscopic and Microscopic ThermodynamicsUniversity of Colorado Boulder This is is course about physics. But why do you, as an IT practitioner, need to learn thermodynamics? If the notion of information still seems intangible, unreal, and ephemeral. This course probably will be the winds to howl, blowing away the spooky fog, because energy is…
The search engine optimization of a website is divided into three key areas: On-page SEO The term meta data basically means data that describes other data. Each page contains an area of meta data, the area is made up of individual meta tags. These individual meta tags are small snippet of text that helps search…
The computation is a physical process, which is finite in time with fixed and distinguished set of states. It always consumes or transforms energy meanwhile keeps distinguishable states. Computations transform or process information. Information is actually an interpretation of the particular system states. Two different systems with different states can actually present the same information….
Role of Statistics Statistics is the study of systems that exhibit variability. Because macroscopic systems are composed of atoms and molecules that are in constant motion, what we see at the macroscopic level are averages of that variability. Suppose we knew the kinetic energy of every molecule in a volume, then the average kinetic energy…
Google DocsGoogle This is a short tutorial you could complete in 2 hours. Google Docs has already been designed very user-friendly and easy-to-use. You are able to use it even without any training. The course introduced features and aspects of Google Docs. You definitely will learn a lot. But the course is full of still…
First of all, a quick introduction to 4 the most important figures in thermodynamics: Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) who discovered the second law of thermodynamics. Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888) who restated the Sadi Carnot’s principle into the form we use today. William Thomson (Lord Kelvin, 1824-1907) who brought thermodynamics into its modern form. Max Planck (1858-1947) who…